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“水錘效(xiào)應”（Water hammer effect ) 

是指當打開(kai)的閥門突然(rán)關閉，由于壓(yā)力水流的慣(guàn)性，産生水流(liú)沖擊波，并産(chan)生破壞作用(yòng)，這就是水利(lì)學當中的“水錘效應(yīng)”，也就是(shì)正水錘。

It refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. This is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相反，關閉的(de)閥門在突然(rán)打開後，也會(huì)産生水錘，叫(jiao)🛀負水錘，也有(you)一定的破壞(huai)力，但沒有前(qián)者大。

On the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水(shuǐ)錘效應就好(hao)像是追尾，最(zui)前面的車突(tu)然停車了，為(wei)後面的車未(wei)及時發現，從(cóng)而造成了連(lián)環追尾事故(gu)，緻使最前面(mian)的車破壞嚴(yan)重。水錘效應(ying)就是與這個(gè)類似。

The water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. The front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. The water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在(zai)閥門接近關(guan)閉時閉合元(yuán)件突然吸入(ru)閥座，稱為溶(róng)缸閉鎖效應(ying)。

溶缸閉(bì)鎖效應是由(you)低推力執行(háng)機構所造成(cheng)的，該執行機(ji)🎯構沒有足夠(gou)的推力以保(bao)持在接近閥(fá)座的位置🔆，導(dao)緻泵的突然(rán)☁️關閉或閥門(mén)的突然關閉(bì)，從而産生水(shuǐ)錘效應。對于(yú)控制閥，在🧑🏽‍🤝‍🧑🏻某(mou)些情況下，快(kuài)開型流量特(te)性💔的閥門也(yě)能導緻水錘(chuí)效應。

Usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

The locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. For control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.   

雖(suī)然水錘産生(sheng)很大的噪音(yin)，但真正的損(sun)害是由機械(xie)失效造成的(de)。因為由動能(neng)急劇地變化(hua)成靜态的管(guǎn)線壓力🌐，水錘(chuí)會沖破管線(xiàn)或損傷管子(zǐ)支架和損害(hài)管線接頭。對(dui)🔆于閥門，水錘(chuí)能夠通過閥(fa)芯産生嚴重(zhòng)振動，它可能(neng)導緻閥芯、墊(niàn)片🙇‍♀️或填料的(de)失效。

Although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. Because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. For valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對于閥門(men)，防止水(shuǐ)錘的辦法是(shì)防止系(xì)統任何突然(rán)的壓力變化(huà)。

For valve,the way to prevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.  

包括放(fàng)慢閥門本身(shēn)的關閉速度(du)或當閉合元(yuán)件接💜近閥座(zuò)時提☎️供較大(dà)程度的拉力(li)和剛性。為防(fang)止壓力波動(dong)，閥門應以均(jun1)勻變動的速(su)度進行關閉(bì)。在某✌️些情況(kuàng)下，當使用快(kuài)開🙇‍♀️特性，可以(yi)要求改變為(wéi)等百分比特(tè)性。對于在接(jiē)近閥座時🌐必(bì)須節流的控(kòng)制閥，應當使(shǐ)用輸出推力(li)足夠大的執(zhi)行機構，如活(huo)塞式♉氣動執(zhi)行機構或液(ye)壓執行機構(gou)，或在手動旋(xuán)轉的操作器(qì)的🔱行程套管(guan)上設置特殊(shu)缺🏃口，将減少(shao)或防止溶缸(gang)閉鎖效應。在(zai)管線系統上(shàng)設置某種類(lèi)型的防波動(dòng)措施也能減(jiǎn)少水錘。可使(shǐ)用壓力洩放(fang)閥或緩沖桶(tǒng)完成。此外氣(qi)體可🔴被注入(ru)系統内，氣體(tǐ)的注入能減(jian)少流體的密(mi)度并提供某(mǒu)些壓縮性以(yǐ)處理☂️任何♉突(tu)然的波動。

This includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. In order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. In some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. For the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. Setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. This can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. In addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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